Frustrated by French verb conjugations? Whether you consider yourself a complete French beginner or a more advanced learner, chances are there’s a French verb tense that just gives you a headache. Maybe you’re having trouble with the present tense or maybe you’ve mastered quite a bit. Or are you wondering how many tenses there are in French? Read on.
- French tenses to know
- French tenses you might read
- French tenses you don’t need
- French present past and future tense table
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There are over 20 tenses in French! Before you start to freak out, let’s clarify a few things. French tenses include the present, past, and future tenses. They indicate when an action occurs.
However, French grammar also uses moods, les modes, to indicate how the speaker feels about the action. For example, a speaker who wants to express a possibility would use the conditional while someone who wants to give a command would use the imperative. Each of these moods has different tenses, but some of them aren’t really used anymore. So, although there are over 20 different ways to conjugate a verb according to mood and tense, you don’t need to know all of them to get by.
French tenses to know
Indicative
Present
When to use it: You’ll use this tense quite often to talk about actions that are currently happening.
Example: J’apprends le français. (I’m learning French.)
Compound past
When to use it: Also known as le passé composé, you’ll use this tense to talk about actions that have been completed in the past.
Example: J’ai mangé une pomme. (I ate an apple.)
Imperfect
When to use it: This past tense is needed to talk about actions that are incomplete. Use it to describe continuous actions or states of being.
Example: Quand j’étais jeune, j’étais souvent timide. (When I was young, I was often shy.)
Pluperfect
When to use it: If you’re talking about two related actions that happened in the past, conjugate the verb that happened first with the plus-que-parfait.
Example: Il était déjà parti quand je suis arrivée. (He had already left when I arrived.)
Future
When to use it: If you want to talk about actions that will take place in the future, you can use this tense.
Example: J’irai au supermarché demain matin. (I’ll go to the supermarket tomorrow morning.)
Anterior Future
When to use it: Also known as the future perfect, you can use this tense to talk about an action that will have been completed in the future
Example: Demain, j’aurai fini mon travail. (Tomorrow, I will have finished my work.)
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Conditional
Present
When to use it: You’ll want to use the present conditional to talk about an action that may or may not take place.
Example: J’appellerais si j’avais mon téléphone portable. (I would call if I had my mobile phone.)
Past
When to use it: Whenever you want to talk about an action that might have happened, but didn’t, use the conditional past.
Example: Si j’avais su, j’aurais aidé. (If I had known, I would’ve helped.)
Subjunctive
Present
When to use it: The subjunctive is used when you express feelings of doubt or desire. It can also be used to express necessity and judgment.
Example: Il est important que tu dormes. (It’s important that you sleep.)
Past
When to use it: Just as you would use the subjunctive to express doubt, desire, necessity, or judgment, you would use the past subjunctive to talk about those things in the past.
Example: Je ne pensais pas qu’elle soit venue. (I didn’t think she would come.)
Imperative
Present
When to use it: Use this tense when you want to give an order, make a request, give advice, or express a desire.
Example: Parle-moi. (Talk to me.)
French tenses you might read
Indicative
Simple past
Also known as the passé simple, the simple past is only used in literature. Unlike some other literary tenses, this tense is a bit more common and can even be found in children’s books.
The following tenses are also literary tenses, which means you shouldn’t worry about learning to conjugate them. However, it might be helpful to recognize them if you want to read French literature.
- Indicative
- Anterior past: Quand nous eûmes fini, nous partîmes. (When we had finished, we left.)
- Conditional
- Second form: Si vous m’aviez menti, j’eusse su. (If you had lied to me, I would have known.)
- Subjunctive
- Imperfect: Il fallait qu’il chantât une nouvelle chanson. (He had to sing a new song.)
- Pluperfect: Il fallait qu’ils fussent partis avant 14 h. (They had to be gone by 2 p.m.)
French tenses you don’t need
Imperative: Past
This tense is very rarely used as you can usually get by with the present imperative.
Example: Soyez partis à midi. (Be gone by noon.)
French present past and future tense table
It might seem like a lot to learn, but remember that the indicative present, compound past, and future tenses will actually get you pretty far in a conversation. The table below will help you get started. Start by practicing these and work your way up to the others and you’ll be on your way to mastering French tenses in no time.
| Verb type | Infinitive | Present | Perfect | Future |
| Regular verbs -er | ramasser | Je ramasse | J’ai ramassé | Je ramasserai |
| Regular verbs -ir | finir | Je finis | J’ai fini | Je finirai |
| Regular verbs -re | vendre | Je vends | J’ai vendu | Je vendrai |
| Most used irregular verbs | Aller avoir Être faire | Je vais J’ai Je suis Je fais | Je suis allé.e J’ai eu J’ai été J’ai fait | J’irai J’aurai Je serai Je ferai |
